Just Go Through .....: # Java 1.8 # [Oracle stops Java 8 support from January 2019]

1. New Feature in Java 1.8 ?

Lambda Expression (We can also use method references instead of lamda expressions)
Default Method in Interface
Functional Interface
Optional
Method references
Data API
Stream API
Nashorn,JavaScript Engine

2. Major Advantage of Java 1.8 ?

More Compact Code
Less Boiler Plate Code
More Readable and Reusable Code
More Testable Code
Parallel Operations

3. What is Lambda Expression ?

Lambda expression is anpnumpous function which have set of parameter and a lambda(->) and function body. You can call it function without name.

Structure of Lambda Expression :

(Argument List) -> {expression;} or

(Argument List) -> {statements;}

Let see a simple example of thread execution:

public class ThreadSample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// old way

new Thread(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is started");

}

}).start();

// using lambda Expression

new Thread(()->System.out.println("Thread is started")).start();

}

Q: Types of Functional Interfaces?

Predicate
FUnction
Consumer
Suppl

4) Can you explain the syntax of Lambda expression?

So we can divide structure of Lambda expression to three parts:

1. Argument list or parameters

Lambda expression can have zero or more arguments.

()->{System.out.println("Hello")}; //Without argument, will print hello

(int a)->{System.out.println(a)} //; One argument, will print value of a

(int a,int b)-> {a+b};//two argument, will return sum of these two integers

You can choose to not declare type of arguments as it can be inferred from context.

(a,b)->{a+b};//two argument, will return sum of these two numbers

you can not declare one argument’s type and do not declare type for other argument.

(int a,b)->{a+b};//Compilation error

When there is a single parameter, if its type is inferred, it is not mandatory to use parentheses

a->{System.out.println(a)}; // Will print value of number a

2. Array token (->)

3. Body

§ Body can have expression or statements.

§ If there is only one statement in body,curly brace is not needed and return type of the anonymous function is same as of body expression

§ If there are more than one statements, then it should be in curly braces and return type of anonymous function is same as value return from code block, void if nothing is returned.

5) What are functional interfaces?

functional interfaces are those interfaces that can have only one abstract method. It can have a static method, default methods, or can override Object’s class methods.

There are many functional interfaces already present in java such as Comparable, Runnable.

As we have only one method in Runnable, hence it is considered as functional interface.

You can read more about the functional interface.

6) How lambda expression and functional interfaces are related?

Lambda expressions can only be applied to abstract method of functional interface.

For example

Runnable has only one abstract method called run, so it can be used as below:

// Using lambda expression

Thread t1=new Thread(

()->System.out.println("In Run method")

);

Here we are using Thread constructor which takes Runnable as parameter. As you can see we did not specify any function name here, as Runnable has only one abstract method, java will implicitly create anonymous Runnable and execute run method.

It will be as good as below code.

Thread t1=new Thread(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

System.out.println("In Run method");

}

});

7) Can you create your own functional interface?

Yes, you can create your own functional interface. Java can implicitly identify functional interface but you can also annotate it with @FunctionalInterface.

Example:

Create interface named “Printable” as below

package org.arpit.java2blog;

public interface Printable {

void print();

default void printColor()

{

System.out.println("Printing Color copy");

}

Create main class named “FunctionalIntefaceMain”

package org.arpit.java2blog.constructor;

public class FunctionalIntefaceMain {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

FunctionalIntefaceMain pMain=new FunctionalIntefaceMain();

pMain.printForm(() -> System.out.println("Printing form"));

}

public void printForm(Printable p)

{

p.print();

}

When you run above program, you will get below output:

Printing form

As you can see, since Printable has only one abstract method called print(), we were able to call it using lambda expression.

8) What is the method reference in java 8?

Method reference is used refer method of functional interface. It is nothing but compact way of lambda expression.You can simply replace lambda expression with method reference.
Syntax:
class::methodname

9) What is Optional? Why and how can you use it?

Java 8 has introduced new class Called Optional. This class is basically introduced to avoid NullPointerException in java.

Optional class encapsulates optional value which is either present or not.

It is a wrapper around object and can be use to avoid NullPointerExceptions.

Let’s take a simple example

You have written below function to get first non repeated character in String.

public static Character getNonRepeatedCharacter(String str) {

Map<Character, Integer> countCharacters = new LinkedHashMap<Character, Integer>();

for (int i = 0; i < str.length() - 1; i++) {

Character c = str.charAt(i);

if (!countCharacters.containsKey(c)) {

countCharacters.put(c, 1);

} else {

countCharacters.put(c, countCharacters.get(c) + 1);

}

// As LinkedHashMap maintains insertion order, first character with

// count 1 should return first non repeated character

for (Entry<Character, Integer> e : countCharacters.entrySet()) {

if (e.getValue() == 1)

return e.getKey();

}

return null;

}

You call above method as below.

Character c=getNonRepeatedCharacter("SASAS");

System.out.println("Non repeated character is :"+c.toString());

Do you see the problem, there is no non repeating character for getNonRepeatedCharacter(“SASAS”) hence it will return null and we are calling c.toString, so it will obviously throw NullPointerException.

You can use Optional to avoid this NullPointerException.

Let’s change the method to return Optional object rather than String.

public static Optional<Character> getNonRepeatedCharacterOpt(String str) {

Map<Character, Integer> countCharacters = new LinkedHashMap<Character, Integer>();

for (int i = 0; i < str.length() - 1; i++) {

Character c = str.charAt(i);

if (!countCharacters.containsKey(c)) {

countCharacters.put(c, 1);

} else {

countCharacters.put(c, countCharacters.get(c) + 1);

}

// As LinkedHashMap maintains insertion order, first character with

// count 1 should return first non repeated character

for (Entry<Character, Integer> e : countCharacters.entrySet()) {

if (e.getValue() == 1)

return Optional.of(e.getKey());

}

return Optional.ofNullable(null);

}

When above method returned Optional, you are already aware that it can return null value too.

You can call Optional’s isPresent method to check if there is any value wrapped in Optional.

Optional<Character> opCh=getNonRepeatedCharacterOpt("SASAS");

if(opCh.isPresent())

System.out.println("Non repeated character is :"+opCh.toString());

else

{

System.out.println("No non repeated character found in String");

}

If there is no value present in Optional, it will simply print “No non repeated character found in String”.

10) What are the defaults methods?

Default method are those methods in interface which have body and use default keywords.Default method are introduced in Java 8 mainly because of backward compatibility.

In this post, I will introduce default methods in interface which are introduced in Java 8.

Table of Contents

· What if We use default method:

· Why default methods

· What about multiple Inheritance?

· Difference between default methods and abstract class

Have you ever faced a situation, when you created an interface and many classes implemented that interface. Now you need to add new methods to interface. After adding new methods, your java project will be full of compilation errors because you need to add these new methods to all classes which are implementing that interface (If a class implement an interface then you have to implement all its methods in the class)

Let’s take an example:

Create an interface called Decorable

public interface Decorable {

void decorateWithCurtains();

}

Now Create a class called Room which will implement this interface.

public class Room implements Decorable{

public void decorateWithCurtains() {

System.out.println("Decorate room with Curtains");

}

Now this was your current implementation and now you have a new way of decorating and you want to add it to Decorable inteface.When you add this method to Decorable interface

public interface Decorable {

void decorateWithCurtains();

void decorateWithPaints();

}

In Room class, you will get following error:

What if We use default method:

public interface Decorable {

void decorateWithCurtains();

default void decorateWithPaints()

{

System.out.println("Decorate using paints");

}

As you can see, we have made decorateWithPaints() default and we will not get any error in Room class as we have provided default implementation in Decorable interface.

Why default methods

The oneliner for this could be “backward compatibility”.If JDK modifies an interface, then all classes which implements this interface will break.

For adding lambda expression in Java 8, JDK needs to add methods(such as foreach) to List or collections Interface, but if you add this method to these interface, it will break millions lines of code as class which implements the interface, need to implement all its methods.

By adding default method in interface, you can provide default implementation of it without affecting implementing classes as it includes implementation of that method and any implementing class which needs that method can override it.

What about multiple Inheritance?

Adding default implementation to the interface can give rise to ambiguity in multiple inheritance. As two interface can provide same default method and there can be ambiguity while calling.Java 8 will give you compile time exception when this kind of situation will arise.

public interface Decorable {

default void decorateWithPaints()

{

System.out.println("Decorate using paints");

}

public interface Paintable

{

default void decorateWithPaints()

{

System.out.println("Decorate using paints");

}

public class Room implements Decorable,Paintable{

}

so it will give you compile time error as below:

you can solve this compilation error by overriding decorateWithPaints method in Room class

public class Room implements Decorable,Paintable{

public void decorateWithPaints()

{

System.out.println("Decorate using paints");

}

Difference between default methods and abstract class

Introduction of default methods to interface bridge gap between interface and abstract class.Now interface looks very similar to abstract classes but there are still differences. Lets list them

Parameter	Abstract class	Interface with default methods
State of objects	Abstract class can hold state of object	Interface with default methods can not hold state of objects
Access Modifier	Abstract class methods can have public ,protected,private and default modifier	Interface methods are by default public. you can not use any other access modifier with it
Constructor	Abstract class can have constructor	Interface can not have constructor
Member variables	It can have member variables

11) What is the difference between Predicate and Function?

Both are functional interfaces.
Predicate<T> is single argument function and either it returns true or false.This can be used as the assignment target for a lambda expression or method reference.

Function<T,R> is also single argument function but it returns an Object.Here T denotes type of input to the function and R denotes type of Result.

This can also be used as the assignment target for a lambda expression or method reference.

12) Are you aware of Date and Time API introduced in Java 8? What the issues with Old Date and time API?

Issues with old Date and Time API:

Thread Safety: You might be already aware that java.util.Date is mutable and not thread safe. Even java.text.SimpleDateFormat is also not Thread-Safe. New Java 8 date and time APIs are thread safe.

Performance: Java 8 ‘s new APIs are better in performance than old Java APIs.

More Readable: Old APIs such Calendar and Date are poorly designed and hard to understand. Java 8 Date and Time APIs are easy to understand and comply with ISO standards.

13) Can you provide some APIs of Java 8 Date and TIme?

LocalDate, LocalTime, and LocalDateTime are the Core API classes for Java 8. As the name suggests, these classes are local to context of observer. It denotes current date and time in context of Observer.

14) How will you get current date and time using Java 8 Date and TIme API?

You can simply use now method of LocalDate to get today’s date.

LocalDate currentDate = LocalDate.now();

System.out.println(currentDate);

It will give you output in below format:

2017-09-09

You can use now method of LocalTime to get current time.

LocalTime currentTime = LocalTime.now();

System.out.println(currentTime);

It will give you output in below format:

23:17:51.817

15) Do we have PermGen in Java 8? Are you aware of MetaSpace?

Until Java 7, JVM used an area called PermGen to store classes. It got removed in Java 8 and replaced by MetaSpace.
Major advantage of MetaSpace over permgen:
PermGen was fixed in term of mazimum size and can not grow dynamically but Metaspace can grow dynamically and do not have any size constraint.

Next 7 questions will be based on below class.

package org.arpit.java2blog;

public class Employee {

private String name;

private int age;

public Employee(String name, int age) {

super();

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

}

public String getName() {

return name;

}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

public int getAge() {

return age;

}

public void setAge(int age) {

this.age = age;

}

public String toString()

{

return "Employee Name: "+name+" age: "+age;

}

16) Given a list of employees, you need to filter all the employee whose age is greater than 20 and print the employee names.(Java 8 APIs only)

Answer:
You can simply do it using below statement.

List<String> employeeFilteredList = employeeList.stream()

.filter(e->e.getAge()>20)

.map(Employee::getName)

.collect(Collectors.toList());

Complete main program for above logic.

package org.arpit.java2blog;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class MaximumUsingStreamMain {

public static void main(String args[])

{

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

List<String> employeeFilteredList = employeeList.stream()

.filter(e->e.getAge()>20)

.map(Employee::getName)

.collect(Collectors.toList());

employeeFilteredList.forEach((name)-> System.out.println(name));

}

public static List<Employee> createEmployeeList()

{

List<Employee> employeeList=new ArrayList<>();

Employee e1=new Employee("John",21);

Employee e2=new Employee("Martin",19);

Employee e3=new Employee("Mary",31);

Employee e4=new Employee("Stephan",18);

Employee e5=new Employee("Gary",26);

employeeList.add(e1);

employeeList.add(e2);

employeeList.add(e3);

employeeList.add(e4);

employeeList.add(e5);

return employeeList;

}

17) Given the list of employees, count number of employees with age 25?

Answer:
You can use combination of filter and count to find this.

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

long count = employeeList.stream()

.filter(e->e.getAge()>25)

.count();

System.out.println("Number of employees with age 25 are : "+count);

18) Given the list of employees, find the employee with name “Mary”.

Answer:
It is again very simple logic, change the main function in above class as following.

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

Optional<Employee> e1 = employeeList.stream()

.filter(e->e.getName().equalsIgnoreCase("Mary")).findAny();

if(e1.isPresent())

System.out.println(e1.get());

19)Given a list of employee, find maximum age of employee?

Answer:
It is again very simple logic, change the main function in above class as following.

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

OptionalInt max = employeeList.stream().

mapToInt(Employee::getAge).max();

if(max.isPresent())

System.out.println("Maximum age of Employee: "+max.getAsInt());

20) Given a list of employees, sort all the employee on the basis of age? Use java 8 APIs only

You can simply use sort method of list to sort the list of employees.

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

employeeList.sort((e1,e2)->e1.getAge()-e2.getAge());

employeeList.forEach(System.out::println);

21) Join the all employee names with “,” using java 8?

Answer:

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

List<String> employeeNames = employeeList

.stream()

.map(Employee::getName)

.collect(Collectors.toList());

String employeeNamesStr = String.join(",", employeeNames);

System.out.println("Employees are: "+employeeNamesStr);

Output:

Employees are: John,Martin,Mary,Stephan,Gary

22) Given the list of employee, group them by employee name?

Answer:
You can use Collections.groupBy() to group list of employees by employee name.

package org.arpit.java2blog;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.Map;

import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class MaximumUsingStreamMain {

public static void main(String args[])

{

List<Employee> employeeList = createEmployeeList();

Map<String, List<Employee>> map = employeeList.stream()

.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getName));

map.forEach((name,employeeListTemp)->System.out.println("Name: "+name+" ==>"+employeeListTemp));

}

public static List<Employee> createEmployeeList()

{

List<Employee> employeeList=new ArrayList<>();

Employee e1=new Employee("John",21);

Employee e2=new Employee("Martin",19);

Employee e3=new Employee("Mary",31);

Employee e4=new Employee("Mary",18);

Employee e5=new Employee("John",26);

employeeList.add(e1);

employeeList.add(e2);

employeeList.add(e3);

employeeList.add(e4);

employeeList.add(e5);

return employeeList;

}

Output:

Name: John ==>[Employee Name: John age: 21, Employee Name: John age: 26]
Name: Martin ==>[Employee Name: Martin age: 19]
Name: Mary ==>[Employee Name: Mary age: 31, Employee Name: Mary age: 18]

23) Difference between Intermediate and terminal operations in Stream?

Answer:
Java 8 stream supports both intermediate and terminal operation.

Intermediate operations are lazy in nature and do not get executed immediately. Terminal operations are not lazy, they are executed as soon as encountered. Intermediate operation is memorized and is called when terminal operation is called.

All Intermediate operations return stream as it just transforms stream into another and terminal operation don’t.

Example of Intermediate operations are:

filter(Predicate)
map(Function)
flatmap(Function)
sorted(Comparator)
distinct()
limit(long n)
skip(long n)

Example of terminal operations are :

forEach
toArray
reduce
collect
min
max
count
anyMatch
allMatch
noneMatch
findFirst
findAny

24) Given the list of numbers, remove the duplicate elements from the list.

Answer:
You can simply use stream and then collect it to set using Collections.toSet() method.

package org.arpit.java2blog;

import java.util.Arrays;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.Set;

import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class RemoveDuplicatesFromListMain {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

Integer[] arr=new Integer[]{1,2,3,4,3,2,4,2};

List<Integer> listWithDuplicates = Arrays.asList(arr);

Set<Integer> setWithoutDups = listWithDuplicates.stream().collect(Collectors.toSet());

setWithoutDups.forEach((i)->System.out.print(" "+i));

}

You can use distinct as well to avoid duplicates as following.
change main method of above program as below.

Integer[] arr=new Integer[]{1,2,3,4,3,2,4,2};

List<Integer> listWithDuplicates = Arrays.asList(arr);

List<Integer> listWithoutDups = listWithDuplicates.stream().distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());

listWithoutDups.forEach((i)->System.out.print(" "+i));

25) Difference between Stream’s findFirst() and findAny()?

findFirst will always return the first element from the stream whereas findAny is allowed to choose any element from the stream.
findFirst has deterministic behavior whereas findAny is nondeterministic behavior.

26) Given a list of numbers, square them and filter the numbers which are greater 10000 and then find average of them.( Java 8 APIs only)

Answer:
You can use the map function to square the number and then filter to avoid numbers which are less than 10000.We will use average as terminating function in this case.

package org.arpit.java2blog;

import java.util.Arrays;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.OptionalDouble;

public class RemoveDuplicatesFromListMain {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

Integer[] arr=new Integer[]{100,24,13,44,114,200,40,112};

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(arr);

OptionalDouble average = list.stream()

.mapToInt(n->n*n)

.filter(n->n>10000)

.average();

if(average.isPresent())

System.out.println(average.getAsDouble());

}

output:

21846.666666666668

27) What is use of Optional in Java 8?

Answer:
Java 8 optional can be used to avoid NullPointerException.You can read about the detailed tutorial.

Read Java 8 predicate

28) What is predicate function interface?

Answer:
Predicate is single argument function which returns true or false. It has test method which returns boolean.
When we are using filter in above example, we are actually passing Predicate functional interface to it.

29) What is consumer function interface?

Answer:
Consumer is single argument functional interface which does not return any value.
When we are using foreach in above example, we are actually passing Consumer functional interface to it.

Read Java 8 consumer

30) What is supplier function interface?

Answer:
Supplier is function interface which does not take any parameter but returns the value using get method.

Read Java 8 supplier

Just Go Through .....

Saturday, July 18, 2020

# Java 1.8 # [Oracle stops Java 8 support from January 2019]

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